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Tongue twisters
- How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? A woodchuck would chuck all the wood that he could if a woodchuck could chuck wood
- Sister Sue sells sea shells. She sells sea shells on shore. The shells she sells. Are sea shells she sees. Sure she sees shells she sells
- You’ve known me to light a night light on a light night like tonight. There’s no need to light a night light on a light night like tonight, for a night light’s a slight light on tonight’s light night.
Some short words or phrases ‘become’ tongue-twisters when repeated, a number of times fast (try it!):
- Thin Thing
- French Friend
- Red Leather, Yellow Leather
- Unique New York
- Sometimes Sunshine
- Irish Wristwatch
- Big Whip
«Hail, Emperor, those who are about to die salute you»
Use of the Imperative: To Command Orders.
Structure:
+ –
Silence Don’t silence
Be quiet Don’t be quiet
Shut Up! Don’t shut up!
Connecting words
Greetings
Unformal letter:
Dear…, / Hi …
Formal letter:
Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss (+surname) Known addressee
Dear Sir or Madam Unknown addressee
Sequence
First, next, then, after that, afterwards, finally, …
Order
firstly/first of all, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, finally/lastly
Contrast
On the one hand […] on the other hand, although, however, [«in spite of, despite» (a pesar de) only for recognition], nevertheless, …
Reason and result
Because (of), so, due to (debido a), therefore, as a result, owing to, so that, in order to, consequently, for example, this means that …
Effect
So
Concession
as well as (a parte de), but for (a no ser por)
Condition
Unless, if, provided that, except for, …
Comparison
As, like, …
Addition
In addition, furthermore (además), besides (además), also, what’s/is more, another reason is, moreover (además), such as, too, as well, …
Adding extra information: What else?/Oh, yes …/ I (also) wanted to tell you (that) …
Expressing time
At first: At first, first, firstly, first of all, …
After some time: A few minutes later, an hour later, after, afterwards, then, next, after that (después), later, later on, all of sudden, in the end (al final), finally, the next day, two weeks later, …
At the same time: as, as soon as, while, in the meantime, …
Now: At the moment, now, currently…
Expressing something in other way
To a certain extent – Hasta cierto punto
More or less, at least, basically, especially, in particular, above all, …
Giving opinions
In my opinion, in my own opinion, I think that, I would say that, It is clear that, …
Summing what you said, conclusion
In short (en resumen), in conclusion, on the whole, in general, to sum up (para resumir)
Farewell
Informal letter:
Keep in touch. / Write soon. / Looking foward to hearing your news.
Love, / Bye, / Take care. / See you = C U.
Formal letter:
Yours sincerely (known addressee)
Yours faithfully (unknown addressee)
With or Without TO
INFINITIVE
With TO
a. After these verbs:
want help refuse
decide promise persuade
wish plan appear
agree choose learn
seem hope expect
They decided to take my advice.
Decidieron seguir mi consejo.
want
want+Infinitive
Deseo de hacer algo + subordinada infinitivo (OD)
Sujeto de want y el verbo en infinitivo es igual
They want to go out for dinner.
Ellos quieren salir a cenar.
want+Object+Infinitive
Expresar que otra persona haga algo.
En castellano consiste en una oración subordinada que lleva sujeto y verbo en subjuntivo. En inglés, en cambio, como el verbo es infinitivo con to, no se considera al sujeto directo de want.
Do you want Jenny to come with us?
¿Queréis que Jenny venga con nosotros?
Si el sujeto de la subordinada es un pronombre personal, hay que usar pronombre objeto.
The doctor wants her to see a specialist.
El doctor quiere que ella vaya a un especialista.
He doesn’t want me to go.
Él no quiere que me vaya.
b. After adjectives and adverbs:
This situation is not easy to understand.
The car went too fast to see the traffic lights.
c. With verbs + OD (Person)
tell invite advise teach warn
I invited her to come home.
Le invité a venir a casa.
Without TO
a. Make & Let
Let me see your pictures.
Déjame ver tus dibujos.
b. Some verbs of perception
hear feel see, …
I heard him say that
Yo le oí decir aquello
c. Modal Verbs
can, may, …
GERUND OR -ING
Uses
a. Direct Object
like dislike miss
love hate suggest
enjoy detest consider
prefer deny (negar)
I miss seeing her.
Echo de menos verla.
b. After:
can’t stand (no puedo soportar)
can’t help (no puedo evitar)
do/does not mind (no importa)
it’s no use (no tiene sentido, no merece la pena)
It is no use crying.
No merece la pena llorar.
c. After all the prepositions:
Lucy doesn’t like his way of thinking.
d. As a subject of a sentence when we talk about actions or facts in general:
Breaking up a relationship is never easy.
e. After BE/GET USED TO, because this TO is a preposition:
I can’t get used to having holidays without you.
No me acostumbro a ir de vacaciones sin ti.
With or Without TO
Verbs followed by Gerund and Infinitive
like
+to «the right thing to do»
I like to do the shopping as soon as I finish cleaning.
Me gusta hacer la compra en cuanto termino de limpiar.
would like
I would like to have a cup of tea.
Me gustaría tomar una taza de té.
-ing «enjoy«
I like watching shows on the computer.
Me gusta ver series en el ordenador.
try
+to «make an attempt»
I’m trying to learn Russian but it’s very difficult.
Estoy intentando aprender ruso pero es muy difícil.
-ing «make an experiment»
Have you tried using shampoo instead of soap?
¿Has probado a usar champú en vez de jabón?
stop
+to «parar de hacer otra cosa»
On my way home, I stopped to buy some milk.
De camino a casa paré a comprar algo de leche.
-ing «dejar de hacer algo»
He didn’t stop thinking about trip to London.
Él no pudo parar de pensar sobre el viaje a Londres.
remember/forget
+to «information for housesites»
– Remember to clean the table
Acuérdate de limpiar la mesa.
Remember to lock the house.
Acuérdate de cerrar con llave la casa.
– Don’t forget to feed the cat.
No te olvides de dar de comer al gato
Don’t forget to water the plants.
No te olvides de regar las plantas.
-ing «childrehood memories»
– I remember seeing them together.
Recuerdo haberlos visto juntos.
– I‘ll never forget skiing.
Nunca olvidaré esquiar.
regret
+to «to be sorry to do something»
Before this verbs:
announce tell inform
say see learn
I regret to inform that your driving licence has expired.
Lamento informarle de que su licencia de conducir ha expirado/caducado.
-ing «to be sorry to/not to have done something«
I regret spending all the money. I haven’t got any left.
Me arrepiento de haberme gastado todo el dinero. No me queda nada.
Make & Do
Make often refers to creative or productive processes, while Do often refers to the performance of a service or work.
Do
Do your best Hacer lo mejor que puedas
Do business with someone Hacer negocios con alguien
Do your duty Cumplir tu deber
Do someone a favour Hacer a alguien un favor
Do harm to someone Dañar a alguien
Do damage Hacer daño
Do someone a good turn Prestarle a alguien un buen servicio
Do the washing-up Hacer la fregada, fregar los platos
Do the shopping Hacer la compra, comprar
Do wrong or right Hacerlo mal o hacer lo correcto
Do your own thing Hacer tus cosas
Do away with (alguien) suicidarse/(algo) salirse, eliminar
Do out of Estafar
Do without Arreglarselas sin
Do with one’s Estar conectado o relacionado con alguien
Do justice to someone Hacer justicia a alguien
Do the cleaning Hacer la limpieza
Do the housework Hacer las cosas de la casa
Do your homework Hacer tus deberes (del colegio)
Make
Make progress Hacer un progreso, progresar
Make room Hacer sitio, porrerse
Make an agreement with someone Llegar a un acuerdo con alguien
Make an appointment Arreglar una cita, citarse con alguien (cita no amorosa)
Make trouble Dar problema
Make an attempt Hacer un intento
Make certain about something Tener la certeza de algo, cerciorarse de algo
Make sure Tener seguro, asegurarse
Make a comment about something Hacer un comentario sobre algo, comentar algo
Make a bed Hacer la cama
Make an excuse Tener una excusa, excusarse
Make a good impression Dar (una) buena impresión
Make friends with someone Trabajar para convertirse en amigo de alguien
Make a lot of money Hacer mucho dinero
Make a suggestion Hacer una sugerencia, sugerir
Make love Hacer el amor
Make war Hacer la guerra
Make a mistake Hacer un error, Cometer un error, meter la pata
Make a noise Hacer ruido
Make a profit or loss Tener un provecho/beneficio o una pérdida
Make plans Hacer planes, planear
Make a reservation Hacer una reserva, reservar
Make a scene Montar una escena
Make for Conducir hacia/Contribuir a, conducir a
Make off/off with Escapar, huir/Robar, escapar con
Make up/up for lost time Crear/Recuperar el tiempo perdido
Make out Liarse (amorosamente)
Making a mountain out of a molehill Hacer una montaña de un grano de arena
Make it up to someone Compensar
Make up Maquillarse
«Rats» of the Verbs
Present Simple
Habits:
Always, frequently, usually, generally, often, everyday
sometimes, rarely, seldom, once a week/month/year,
in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night/noon/midday
never, …
Present Continuous
Present: At the moment, at present, this year, now,
Future: Tonight, tomorrow, next Saturday
Present Perfect
It affects the present: Ever, never, just, yet, recently, already
It continues until the present: For, since, how long…?
Stative Verbs: Feelings and emotions.
Past Simple
Completed action: Two days ago, yesterday, last week, …
Series of completed actions: When, then, …
Past Continuous
Incompleted action in progress at specific time in the past:
At 8 o’clock last night, while, as
Action in progress in the past, interrupted by another action:
____ when + (Past Simple)
Two incompleted actions in the past:
While ____ , ____
Past Perfect
A completed action which happened before another action or time in the past:
Already, by the time, before, …
Future Simple Versus Be + Going to
Sudden decision Plans for the future and intentions
Predicting the future An action which is clearly going to happen
A future timeble
Promises
Offers
Refusals
Requests
Suggestions
This evening, later, next week, soon, at ten o’clock, in the future, tomorrow, in an hour
Future Continuous
In progress at a specific time in the future:
At this time tomorrow,
by 7 o’clock,
by the end of …,
at this time,
next…
Future Perfect
It will be completed by specific time in the future:
By this time next week,
by ten o’clock,
by then, …
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